Health Issues in India

 Health in India is marked by improving life expectancy but a high burden of communicable diseases like tuberculosis and malaria, alongside a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes

Malaria

World Health Organization estimates that India has 15 million cases of malaria with 19,500–20,000 deaths annually 

There are five main types of malaria that affect humans, caused by different species of Plasmodium parasites: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium knowlesi. While there are hundreds of Plasmodium species, only these five are known to cause malaria in humans. 

India faces dual health burdens, with both communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhea, and non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer being prevalent. Widespread malnutrition, compounded by poor sanitation and inadequate healthcare infrastructure, contributes to poor health outcomes. Access to quality healthcare remains a significant challenge, particularly in rural areas, with inequities and high out-of-pocket expenses impacting the population

Tuberculosis has existed since antiquity. Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000 to 2400 BC. Genetic studies suggest the presence of TB-like bacteria in Southern America from about AD 140

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as inactive or latent tuberculosis. A small proportion of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, can be fatal. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

Diabetes

Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an Egyptian manuscript from c. 1500 BCE mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The Ebers papyrus includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases. The first described cases are believed to have been type 1 diabetes.

The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek Apollonius of Memphis. The disease was considered rare during the time of the Roman empire, with Galen commenting he had only seen two cases during his career. This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease "diarrhea of the urine" (diarrhea urinosa). Indian physicians around the sixth century CE identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or "honey urine", noting the urine would attract ants.

The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of Aretaeus of Cappadocia (2nd or early 3rd century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the "Pneumatic School". He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.

Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians Sushruta and Charaka in 400–500 CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight. Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922. This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin NPH in the 1940s.

Cancer

Cancer has existed for all of human history. The earliest written record regarding cancer is from c. 1600 BC in the Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus and describes breast cancer.[226] Hippocrates (c. 460 BC – c. 370 BC) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them with the Greek word καρκίνος karkinos (crab or crayfish). This name comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumor, with "the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name". Galen stated that "cancer of the breast is so called because of the fancied resemblance to a crab given by the lateral prolongations of the tumor and the adjacent distended veins".: 738  Celsus (c. 25 BC – 50 AD) translated karkinos into the Latin cancer, also meaning crab and recommended surgery as treatment. Galen (2nd century AD) disagreed with the use of surgery and recommended purgatives instead. These recommendations largely stood for 1000 years.

In the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, it became acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads and concluded that it was contagious.

The physician John Hill described tobacco sniffing as the cause of nose cancer in 1761. This was followed by the report in 1775 by British surgeon Percivall Pott that chimney sweeps' carcinoma, a cancer of the scrotum, was a common disease among chimney sweeps. With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poison' spread from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ("metastasis"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874.

Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. A latent infection is more likely to become active in those with weakened immune systems.There are two principal tests for TB: interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) of a blood sample, and the tuberculin skin test.

Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time.

Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times. In the 1800s, when it was known as consumption, it was responsible for an estimated quarter of all deaths in Europe. The incidence of TB decreased during the 20th century with improvement in sanitation and the introduction of drug treatments including antibiotics. However, since the 1980s, antibiotic resistance has become a growing problem, with increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis. It is estimated that one quarter of the world's population have latent TB. In 2023, TB is estimated to have newly infected 10.8 million people and caused 1.25 million deaths, making it the leading cause of death from an infectious disease.

safety rules at playground for kids

                   

                                                       

                                                       General Playground Safety Rules

1. Always play safe by being careful and showing courtesy.

2. Never run around or push and pull others while near playground equipment. Keep your hands and feet to yourself. Physical contact and verbal abuse (mean words) are not permitted.

3. Don’t go too close to the front or rear of moving equipment; instead, walk out around it.

4. Wear proper clothing.  Make sure your shoes are tied and never wear clothes that have drawstrings. s Necklaces, scarves, drawstrings and very loose clothes could get tangled.

5. When you get off equipment make sure there isn’t anyone in the way.  If you jump, always bend your knees slightly and land on two feet.

6. Don’t play on equipment that is wet because the surface will be slippery.

7. If you go to the playground in the summertime, make sure the equipment is not too hot.

8. Take turns and get in a line when more than one person wants to use a piece of equipment.  By sharing, everyone will  get a turn.  No holding places or butting in line.

9. Sit properly on equipment and do not overcrowd.  If a piece of equipment has a handrail, make sure you hold it at all times.

10. Ask an adult for help if there is a problem or someone is hurt.

11. Never go to a playground by yourself or without letting an adult know.  Have an adult go with you when you’re in primary and have a friend go with you when you get older.

  School Playground Rules

1. Students are not permitted on the playground without adult supervision.

2. Only go to the playground on an outside day and after the teachers on duty give you permission to leave the school building.  Walk carefully and don’t run.

3. Leave extra clothes and items you don’t need in a designated spot away from the playground equipment.

4. Listen to and respect the teachers on duty.  Follow their directions the first time they are given.

5. Always get permission from a teacher to enter the school.

6. Only play in the designated areas. If something you are using goes outside the play area, one student can retrieve the item.

7. After the bell rings, if you are on the school playground, pick up your belongings and any small equipment you were using.  Line up and walk inside the school quietly after you receive directions from the teachers on duty.

  Slides

1. Keep your shoes tied and don’t wear any  loose strings or clothingon the slide.

2. Be patient and wait your turn in line before getting on the climbing ladder.

3. Take one step at a time and hold the handrails with both hands when climbing the ladder to the top of the slide.  Never climb or run up the slide surface or the frame.

4. Slide down feet first and sitting up, never head first or on your back, knees or stomach.   Go down one at a time with no fancy tricks.

5. Check the bottom of the slide to see if it is clear before sliding down.  When you reach the bottom, get off and move away from the end of the slide.

6. On hot days, feel the slide with your hand before climbing to the top. If the side is too warm, don’t play on it. 

 Swings

1. Always sit in the center of the swing; don’t stand or kneel.  Hold the chains tightly with both hands.  Stop the swing completely before getting off.

2. No jumping out of swings, no   twisting chains or swinging sideways. Do not swing empty seats!

3. Never double up with two kids to a swing or try to swing too high.

4. Don’t push other children on swings.  If you cannot start swinging, ask an adult to push you softly to get you started.

5. Stay a safe distance from other children on swings being careful not to run or walk in front, in back or between them.  Walk out around instead.

  Fireman's Pole

1. Don’t slide down if someone is close to the bottom of the pole.

2. Hold on with both hands and wrap your legs around the pole when you slide.

3. Slide down carefully and make sure you land on two feet with your knees slightly bent.

  Climbing Equipement

1. Hands stay well behind the person in front of you and beware of swinging feet.  Never reach for bars or ropes that are too far away.

2. When you drop from the bars or ropes make sure you have enough room to not hit the equipment and hurt yourself.  Bend your knees, land on both feet and don’t touch others.

3. Don’t overcrowd the equipment.  Everyone start from one side and move in the same direction.  When climbing down watch out for those climbing up.

4. Always stay in line, take turns and never push or try to touch others.

Small Equipment – (balls, skipping ropes, hoops, etc.)

1. Use this equipment in a designated space away from the large equipment.

2. Be careful using this equipment so that you don’t interfere with others. Try to stay in your own small space.

3. When you share a ball with others, be sure to take turns and play safely.  No rough play allowed!

4. If you are using a ball and it goes outside the play area, ask an adult (teacher) for permission to get it. 

Road Safety Rules

 

Traffic safety rules include always wearing seat belts and helmets, obeying speed limits and traffic signals, staying focused and avoiding distractions like mobile phones, maintaining safe distances from other vehicles, using pedestrian crossings and sidewalks, and never drinking and driving. These rules are crucial for protecting drivers, passengers, and pedestrians and preventing accidents on the road. 

Road safety is important so that passengers, drivers, vehicles, pedestrians stay safe while driving.

                                                Road Safety Rules to Follow in India

Every State government has enacted certain road laws to protect its citizens. They have also enacted laws to protect animals and pedestrians. Below are some of the key road safety measures.

1. Animal Safety

Cattle, cats and dogs are allowed to roam freely. Hence, avoid hurting them or running them over while driving.

2. Cross on Zebra Crossing

The importance of road safety is lost on those who do not use the zebra crossing to cross a road! The black and white stripes are there for a reason, and for your safety, make use of it to cross the road.

3. Drinking and Driving

Among the important road safety rules is to avoid consuming alcohol and then driving. Alcohol consumption impairs cognitive functioning and hence prevents a person from being fully in control of the vehicle.

4. Exhaustion or Health Issues

Road safety rules demand that you not drive if you have some health issues. Moreover, if you are exhausted, then also it is advised not to drive.

5. Follow Traffic Lights

Be obedient to all the traffic signals. Walk when the signal shows green to walk. Also, follow traffic lights when driving.

6. Keeping to the Left

Among the safety rules on the road, a vital one is keeping to the left while walking or driving so that you do not collide with vehicles coming from the right.

7. Slow Down at Intersections

Slow down while entering the main road, crossings, intersections, and corners,

8. Turn Signals and Hand Gestures

Use the necessary signals when you are turning, slowing down or allowing some other vehicle to pass. Do not use horns in the silent zone.

9. Use of Mobile Phones

Using mobile phones while on the road can cost lives. Hence, as a road safety point, avoid using your mobile phone while on the road. 

These were the most important of the road safety rules. There are others discussed below.

10. Driving on One Way Roads

There are many one way roads in India. While driving a car, you need to be cautious of driving in the right direction, as it can be dangerous. Moreover, you should avoid parking your vehicle in a reverse direction on such a road.

These were the most important of the road safety rules. 

Important Rules for Workplace Safety

 

                                   Important Rules for Workplace Safety

Safety-related incidents can affect overall productivity, quality of work, and employee morale. Here are 10 rules for workplace safety that you can start implementing today.

1. Dress appropriately, from clothing to footwear.

Keeping arms and legs covered, avoiding dangling jewelry or ties, and wearing closed-toe shoes can go a long way in minimizing common workplace injuries and accidents. When and where applicable, always wear personal protective equipment (PPE), and inspect it for damage before and after use, so that it can be repaired or replaced promptly.

2. Preventing workplace incidents is everyone’s job, and your personal safety is your responsibility.

Everyone has a role in making sure a workplace is safe, from the administrative assistant who gets the boxes of newly delivered office supplies unpacked promptly to the warehouse foreman who makes sure every person on the line gets a break. When you take charge of your own safety, it creates a safer place for all employees.

3.Keep work areas neat and tidy.

At the beginning and end of each shift, clear away trash, pick up cords and cables, and put office supplies away. Gather any materials you’ll need to complete your work. This will avoid losing things as well as having to bend or stretch unnecessarily, trying to reach objects that are misplaced or out of reach.

4. Follow the rules. 

Don’t cut corners or take unnecessary risks. Workplace safety rules are often developed in response to hazard and risk assessments. They are by nature designed to minimize the chances that an employee will be injured while carrying out assigned tasks. 

5. Report workplace accidents or safety incidents.

Always report incidents to your supervisor promptly so that the appropriate steps can be taken. These can include getting care for an injured employee, fixing the problem that caused the injury, or ensuring regulatory, state or federal reporting compliance. 

6. Know and follow emergency procedures.

In order to safely and effectively manage emergencies, it’s imperative that all employees are trained in and follow emergency procedures. This helps safety coordinators and emergency services get a handle on a situation and determine the best way to bring it under control. 

7. Lift, bend, and stretch with care to avoid injury.

Musculoskeletal problems caused by poor technique when picking up boxes or stretching to reach objects is a common cause of workplace injury. If you’re not sure how to best lift, bend or stretch at work, ask your supervisor or company safety officer. 

8. Don’t operate tools or machinery that you haven’t been trained for.

While some tools or equipment may seem pretty intuitive, it’s always best to avoid using items unless you’ve been trained in proper handling. This is for your safety as well as the safety of those around you.

9. Avoid drugs and alcohol at work.

Not only can drugs and alcohol affect your motor skills, but they can also impair your judgment and ability to communicate. Even prescription drugs can have a serious effect on your ability to handle machinery and tools safely. 

10. Take breaks appropriately.

Being well-rested helps employees maintain the focus and situational safety awareness that contribute to workplace safety. In some places, work breaks may be established according to contract; in others, it’s on the employees to work out breaks among themselves. 

These 10 rules for workplace safety can be applied in nearly every workplace. In a safe working environment, the quality and quantity of work can be maintained without the staffing issues caused by unexpected employee absences. When employees and management work together to maximize safety, it benefits everyone.

Forts in Maharashtra

 

The 12 Maratha forts recently designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in India are a prime selection of Maharashtra's historic sites, including Pratapgad, Sinhagad, Shivneri, Panhala, Purandar, Sindhudurg, Rajmachi, Raigad, Lohagad, Rajgad, Suvarnadurg, and Vijaydurg. These locations, recognized for their significant cultural and historical importance within the Maratha Empire, provide a strong starting point for discovering the rich heritage of Maharashtra's numerous forts. 

1) Raigad Fort 

Raigad Fort was the capital of the Maratha Empire from 1674 to 1818. It is located on a hilltop in the Sahyadri Mountains and is considered to be one of the most important forts in Indian history. The fort is well-preserved and offers stunning views of the surrounding countryside.

Raigad Fort, also known as Rairi or Rairy Fort, is a magnificent hill fort situated in the Sahyadri mountain range, overlooking the town of Mahad in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. Standing tall at an elevation of 2,700 feet (820 meters) above its base and 4,449 feet (1,356 meters) above sea level, Raigad Fort offers breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Its strategic location and formidable defenses made it one of the strongest fortresses on the Deccan Plateau.

Raigad Fort holds immense historical significance as it served as the capital of the Maratha Empire under the legendary Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. In 1674, Shivaji was crowned the king of the Maratha kingdom, and Raigad Fort became the center of his administrative and military operations. During his reign, the Maratha Empire flourished and expanded considerably, reaching a significant portion of western and central India.Raigad Fort is a testament to the architectural brilliance of the Maratha era. Its construction was overseen by Shivaji himself, alongside his chief engineer, Hiroji Indulkar. The fort’s layout is strategically designed to maximize its defensive capabilities, with multiple layers of fortification, bastions, and gateways.

2) Shivneri Fort 

Shivneri Fort is an ancient military fortification located near Junnar in Pune district in Maharashtra, India. It is the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire. The fort is situated on a hilltop that overlooks the Junnar city. It is a triangular-shaped fort with seven well-defended gates. The fort is surrounded by steep cliffs on all sides, making it difficult to attack. There are many water tanks and wells within the fort complex, which provided a steady supply of water to the fort’s inhabitants.

The history of Shivneri Fort dates back to the 6th century. It was initially ruled by the Mauryas, and later by the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, and Yadavas. In the 13th century, the fort came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1430, the fort was captured by the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur. In 1630, the fort was captured by the Mughal Empire. In 1674, the fort was captured by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Shivneri Fort is a significant historical landmark in India. It is the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, a great warrior and founder of the Maratha Empire. The fort is also a symbol of Maratha pride and resistance against foreign rule.

The Birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: This is the most important place to see in Shivneri Fort. It is a small room where Shivaji was born. The room is adorned with statues of Shivaji and his mother, Jijabai.

The Badami Talav: This is a water tank located within the fort complex. It is said that Shivaji used to swim in this tank as a child.

The Shivai Devi Temple: This is a temple dedicated to Goddess Shivai. It is believed that Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai, used to worship in this temple.

The Chain Gate: This is a secret entrance to the fort. It is said that Shivaji used to use this gate to enter the fort during his childhood.

The Execution Point: This is a place where prisoners were executed. It is located at the edge of the fort, overlooking the valley below.

The best time to visit Shivneri Fort is from October to March. During these months, the weather is pleasant and there is less rainfall.

3) Sinhagad Fort

Sinhagad Fort, also known as Kondhana Fort, is an ancient hill fortress located approximately 30 kilometers southwest of Pune, India. It stands atop a 1,320-meter (4,330-foot) hill and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding Sahyadri Mountains. The fort has a rich history dating back to the 2nd century BCE and has witnessed numerous battles and power struggles. It is particularly renowned for the Battle of Sinhagad in 1670, where Tanaji Malusare, a brave Maratha warrior, valiantly captured the fort from the Mughal forces.

Sinhagad Fort played a pivotal role in the Maratha Empire’s expansion and consolidation under the leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The fort’s strategic location and sturdy fortifications made it a key stronghold for the Marathas, enabling them to defend their territory and launch attacks against their enemies.

The fort’s architecture reflects its strategic importance and defensive capabilities. It features massive stone walls, bastions, watchtowers, and gateways. The fort’s layout is intricate, with narrow passageways and hidden chambers, making it challenging for intruders to navigate.

Samadhi of Tanaji Malusare: A memorial shrine dedicated to Tanaji Malusare, who laid down his life while capturing the fort.

Kaundinyeshwar Temple: An ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, believed to have been built around the 2nd century BCE.

Kalyan Darwaza: The main entrance gate of the fort, adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.

Watchtowers and Bastions: Offering panoramic views of the surrounding hills and valleys.

Underground Water Reservoirs: Demonstrating the fort’s self-sufficiency in water management.

Best Time To Visit

Sinhagad Fort is a popular tourist destination throughout the year. However, the best time to visit is during the monsoon season (June to September) when the surroundings are lush and green. The fort is also a popular spot for night trekking, offering stunning views of the city lights below.

4) Torna Fort

Torna Fort, also known as Prachandagad, is a majestic hill fort located in Pune district, Maharashtra, India. Standing tall at an elevation of 1,403 meters (4,603 feet) above sea level, it is the highest hill fort in Pune district and a prominent landmark in the Sahyadri mountain range. Its strategic location and historical significance make it a popular destination for trekkers, history buffs, and nature enthusiasts alike.

Torna Fort holds a pivotal position in Maratha history. In 1646, at the young age of 16, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire, captured this formidable fort, marking a turning point in his quest for independence. This victory established Shivaji’s military prowess and laid the foundation for the Maratha Empire’s rise to power.

Torna Fort boasts a well-preserved structure, showcasing the architectural brilliance of its era. The fort’s fortifications, comprising strong walls, bastions, and gateways, stand as a testament to its defensive capabilities. Within the fort’s walls, there are various structures, including temples, granaries, and water cisterns, providing insights into the fort’s daily life.

Torna Fort offers a challenging yet rewarding trekking experience. The trek typically starts from the village of Velhe, located at the base of the hill. The ascent involves traversing a well-defined trail, passing through dense forests and rocky outcrops. The final stretch to the summit involves climbing a series of rock-cut steps, known as the ‘Chakan Path.’

The ideal time to visit Torna Fort is during the winter months, from October to March, when the weather is pleasant and the skies are clear. The monsoon season, from June to September, can be challenging due to heavy rains and slippery trails.

5) Harishchandragad Fort 

Nestled amidst the Sahyadri mountains of Maharashtra, India, Harishchandragad stands as a majestic testament to history and nature’s grandeur. This ancient hill fort, towering over the landscape at an elevation of 4,670 feet, has captivated the hearts of adventurers and history enthusiasts for centuries.

Harishchandragad’s origins can be traced back to the 6th century, during the reign of the Kalachuri dynasty. The fort’s strategic location, overlooking the Malshej Ghat, made it a crucial stronghold for controlling the region’s trade routes and guarding against invaders. Over the years, the fort witnessed numerous battles, passing through the hands of various rulers, including the Mughals and the Marathas.

Today, Harishchandragad is a popular trekking destination, attracting enthusiasts from all over the country. The fort offers two main trekking routes: the Junnar Gate route and the Nalichi Wat route. Both routes provide a challenging yet rewarding experience, taking trekkers through dense forests, across rugged terrain, and up steep inclines.

The fort’s summit boasts breathtaking views of the surrounding hills, valleys, and the glistening waters of the Bhandardara Lake. The serene atmosphere and the tranquility of the mountains provide a welcome respite from the hustle and bustle of city life.

Harishchandra Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this temple is believed to have been constructed during the 11th century.

Kedareshwar Cave: This cave temple houses an idol of Lord Shiva and offers scenic views of the surroundings.

Taramati and Rohidas Peaks: These two peaks are named after legendary characters from the story of Raja Harishchandra.

Saptatheertha Pushkarni: This ancient water tank is said to have medicinal properties.

Best Time To Visit

The ideal time to visit Harishchandragad is during the monsoon season (June to September) when the waterfalls are in full flow and the greenery is at its peak. However, the fort can also be visited during the winter months (October to March) when the weather is pleasant and sunny.

6) Pratapgad Fort 

Pratapgad Fort is a mountain fort located in Satara district, in the Western Indian state of Maharashtra. The fort is situated 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the Mahabaleshwar hill station. The fort is now a popular tourist destination

The fort was built by the Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1656. The fort was the site of the Battle of Pratapgad in 1659, in which Shivaji’s forces defeated the Bijapur Sultanate general Afzal Khan. This battle was a major turning point in Shivaji’s career, and it helped to establish him as a powerful military leader.

The fort is built on a spur of the Sahyadri Mountains, and it is surrounded by dense forests. The fort is approximately 3,543 feet (1,080 m) above sea level. The fort has a number of bastions, and it is well-defended.

The temple of Bhavani, which was built by Shivaji

The samadhi (tomb) of Afzal Khan

The Pratapgad Museum, which houses a collection of artifacts related to the fort and the Battle of Pratapgad

Best Time To Visit

The fort is open for visitors throughout the year. The best time to visit is during the winter months, when the weather is pleasant.

7) Purandar Fort 

Purandar Fort is a majestic mountain fort situated in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India. It stands tall at an impressive elevation of 1,374 meters (4,508 feet) above sea level, nestled amidst the Sahyadri Mountains. The fort holds significant historical importance, having witnessed pivotal moments in the rise and fall of the Maratha Empire.

Purandar Fort has played a crucial role in shaping the history of Maharashtra. Its strategic location made it a prized possession for various rulers, including the Adilshahis, Mughals, and Marathas. In 1646, the legendary Maratha warrior, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, captured the fort, establishing it as a stronghold of the Maratha Empire.

Purandar Fort gained further prominence as the birthplace of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, the son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Sambhaji Maharaj went on to become the second Chatrapati of the Maratha Empire, known for his bravery and strategic brilliance.

Purandar Fort is not only steeped in history but also boasts remarkable architectural features. Its sturdy fortifications, intricate carvings, and well-planned layout showcase the remarkable engineering prowess of the era. The fort comprises two distinct sections: the lower Machi and the upper Balekilla.

Purandar Fort has emerged as a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world. Its historical significance, breathtaking views, and challenging trek make it a captivating destination for history enthusiasts, nature lovers, and adventure seekers alike.

Purandar Fort is open for visitors from 11:00 AM to 4:00 PM on all days of the week. The entrance fee is minimal, and visitors must carry a valid identity card. It is recommended to wear comfortable shoes and carry adequate water for the trek.

Purandar Fort stands as a testament to the rich history and architectural heritage of Maharashtra. Its enduring legacy continues to inspire and fascinate generations of visitors.

8) Sindhudurg Fort 

Sindhudurg Fort is an imposing maritime fortress located on an island in the Arabian Sea, just off the coast of Malvan in the Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. It was built by the legendary Maratha warrior-king, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, in 1664-1667. The fort’s strategic location, formidable defenses, and historical significance make it a popular tourist destination and a symbol of Maratha valor.

Sindhudurg Fort was constructed as a strategic stronghold to protect Maratha territory from the growing influence of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and Siddi pirates who operated along the western coast of India. The fort’s construction was overseen by Hiroji Indulkar, a skilled Maratha engineer, and was completed in three years.

Sindhudurg played a crucial role in the Maratha navy’s dominance of the Konkan coast, thwarting enemy attacks and safeguarding trade routes. It also served as a base for Shivaji’s naval expeditions against the Portuguese and Siddi fleets. The fort’s strategic importance and historical significance have earned it the status of a protected monument.

Sindhudurg Fort is a magnificent example of 17th-century Maratha military architecture. It is spread over an area of 48 acres and boasts a formidable perimeter wall, bastions, ramparts, watchtowers, and underground passages. The fort’s entrance, known as the Dilli Darwaja, is strategically hidden from view, making it difficult for enemies to locate.

Within the fort’s confines, there are several notable structures, including temples dedicated to Goddess Bhavani, Lord Hanuman, and Jarimari. A unique feature of Sindhudurg Fort is the presence of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s handprints and footprints embedded on a slab within the fort.

Sindhudurg Fort is accessible by boat from the coastal town of Malvan. The fort is open to visitors from 8:00 AM to 5:30 PM daily. Visitors can explore the fort’s ramparts, bastions, and temples, and enjoy panoramic views of the Arabian Sea and the surrounding landscape.

Sindhudurg Fort is a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts, architecture aficionados, and those seeking a glimpse into the legacy of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Its imposing presence, rich history, and stunning setting make it a truly captivating landmark.

9) Murud-Janjira Fort 

Murud-Janjira Fort, also known simply as Janjira Fort, is a majestic island fortress situated off the coastal town of Murud in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India. Renowned for its unique architectural design and unwavering resilience, Janjira Fort has proudly stood the test of time, earning its reputation as one of India’s most formidable coastal fortifications.

The origins of Janjira Fort can be traced back to the 14th century when it served as a stronghold for the Siddi dynasty, a powerful naval force of African descent. Over the centuries, the fort witnessed numerous sieges and battles, yet it never fell under the control of any invading power. This remarkable feat is attributed to the fort’s strategic location, intricate defenses, and the valiant resistance of its defenders.

Perched atop a rocky islet amidst the shimmering Arabian Sea, Janjira Fort is an architectural marvel that showcases a harmonious blend of Indian and African influences. The fort’s oval-shaped walls, constructed from laterite and basalt, rise to an impressive height of 40 feet, adorned with 19 rounded bastions or porches. These bastions, once equipped with powerful cannons, served as a formidable deterrent against approaching adversaries.

Today, Janjira Fort stands as a testament to India’s rich maritime heritage and attracts visitors from all over the world. To reach the fort, visitors can embark on a short boat ride from the coastal village of Rajapuri. Upon arrival, prepare to be captivated by the fort’s imposing presence and embark on an exploration of its many wonders.

The majestic main entrance, concealed from view until one is within close proximity, hints at the fort’s strategic design.

The three colossal cannons – Kalal Bangadi, Chavri, and Landa Kasam – stand as symbols of the fort’s defensive prowess.

The fort’s interior, a maze of narrow passages and hidden chambers, offers glimpses into the lives of its past inhabitants.

The panoramic views from the fort’s ramparts provide a breathtaking perspective of the surrounding coastline and the Arabian Sea.

A visit to Janjira Fort is an unforgettable journey into India’s past, offering a glimpse into the lives of warriors, sailors, and rulers who shaped the region’s maritime history. The fort’s enduring legacy serves as a reminder of the power of resilience, innovation, and the enduring spirit of human endeavor.

10) Lohagad Fort  

Lohagad Fort is a majestic hill fort situated in the Sahyadri hills of Maharashtra, India. It is located near the hill station of Lonavala and stands at an impressive elevation of 1,033 meters (3,389 feet) above sea level. The fort’s name, Lohagad, translates to “Iron Fort,” alluding to its impenetrable and sturdy construction.

The initial construction of Lohagad Fort is attributed to the Lohtamia dynasty, who ruled the region during the 10th century CE. Over the centuries, the fort has witnessed several battles and changes in ownership, passing through the hands of various rulers, including the Mughals and the Marathas. In 1648, the legendary Maratha warrior Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj captured the fort, making it a strategic stronghold for his kingdom.

Lohagad Fort is a testament to the architectural prowess of its builders. The fort’s fortifications are designed to withstand attacks, with sturdy walls, bastions, and three distinct gates: the Tal Killa (Main Gate), the Darwaja (Second Gate), and the Winchukalyan Darwaja (Scorpion’s Tail Gate).

Within the fort’s walls lie several structures that offer a glimpse into its rich history. These include water cisterns, temples, granaries, and armories. The fort also features a unique natural formation known as the ‘Lohagadachi Winchukalyan’ (Scorpion’s Tail), a narrow rock formation that resembles a scorpion’s tail.

Lohagad Fort is a popular trekking destination, offering a moderate-level trek through the scenic Sahyadri hills. The trek typically takes around 2-3 hours to complete, with well-defined trails leading to the fort’s summit. The panoramic views from the top are truly breathtaking, encompassing the surrounding hills, valleys, and the Pavana Lake.

The best time to visit Lohagad Fort is during the monsoon season (June-September) when the surrounding hills are lush and green. However, the fort can be visited throughout the year, except during the peak summer months (March-May) when the heat can be intense.

Lohagad Fort stands as a symbol of Maharashtra’s rich history and architectural heritage. Its imposing structure, coupled with its scenic location, makes it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts, nature lovers, and adventure seekers alike.

11) Panhala Fort 

Panhala Fort (also known as Panhalgad and Panhalla, literally “the home of serpents”) is a majestic hill fort situated in Panhala, 20 kilometers northwest of Kolhapur in Maharashtra, India. It stands tall, strategically positioned overlooking a crucial pass in the Sahyadri mountain range, which served as a vital trade route connecting Bijapur in the interior of Maharashtra to the coastal regions. This strategic location made Panhala Fort the center of numerous skirmishes in the Deccan Plateau, involving the Marathas, the Mughals, and the British East India Company.

Panhala Fort’s construction dates back to the 12th century, between 1178 and 1209 CE. It was one of the 15 forts, including Bavda, Bhudargad, Satara, and Vishalgad, built by the Shilahara ruler Bhoja II. An anecdote associated with this fort is the aphorism “Kahaan Raja Bhoj, kahan Gangu Teli,” which laments the decline in greatness and the rise of the ordinary. A copper plate discovered in Satara indicates that Raja Bhoja held court at Panhala from 1191 to 1192 CE. Around 1209-10, Bhoja Raja was defeated by Singhana (1209-1247), the most powerful of the Devgiri Yadavas, leading to the fort’s transfer to Yadava control.

Panhala Fort’s strategic importance stems from its commanding position overlooking the crucial pass in the Sahyadri mountains. This pass served as a vital trade route connecting Bijapur in the interior of Maharashtra to the coastal regions. Controlling this pass meant controlling the flow of goods and people, giving the fort’s holder significant economic and military power.

Panhala Fort played a pivotal role in the rise and fall of the Maratha Empire. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire, recognized the fort’s strategic value and captured it in 1673. Panhala Fort served as the Maratha capital for a significant period, and Shivaji spent over 500 days within its walls, more than any other fort except his childhood homes.

Panhala Fort witnessed numerous battles and events that shaped the history of the Deccan Plateau. The most famous of these is the Battle of Pavan Khind, fought in 1660 between a small Maratha force led by Baji Prabhu Deshpande and a much larger Mughal army. Baji Prabhu and his valiant soldiers held back the Mughal army for an entire day, allowing Shivaji to escape to Vishalgad.

Today, Panhala Fort stands as a magnificent testament to its rich history. It is a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over India and beyond. The fort’s imposing walls, numerous bastions, and grand palaces offer a glimpse into the grandeur of the Maratha era. The fort also houses several temples and other historical structures, making it a site of cultural and religious significance.

Panhala Fort is a must-visit for anyone interested in Indian history, particularly the Maratha era. Its strategic location, rich history, and well-preserved structures make it a captivating destination that provides a unique insight into the past.

12) Rajmata Jijau Mahotsav

Ceremony of rajmata jijau janmotsav is celebrated in the month of January every year. Jijamata ( rajmata jijau) was born on 12 january in 1598 at sindhkhed in buldhana district. She was the mother of chhatrapati shivaji maharaj, the founder of the hindavi swarajya . this festival is celebrated not only as this is a birthplace of rajmata jijau but also for her invaluable teachings of courage & valour which led to the hindavi swarajya.

Reaching Raigad Fort requires a bit of effort, but the rewards are well worth the climb. Visitors can choose to ascend approximately 1,737 steps, offering a scenic and invigorating experience. Alternatively, a convenient option is the Raigad Ropeway, an aerial tramway spanning 2,460 feet (750 meters) in length, transporting visitors to the fort in just four minutes.

Anytime Fitness

 

Every single day, our body fights battle we can’t even see. From the moment an individual wakes up, their immune system starts scanning for hidden threats, like viruses, bacteria, or anything that doesn’t belong in the human body. Imagine your immune system as an army that never sleeps: the white blood cells are your soldiers, the antibodies are their weapons, and the lymph nodes are the command centers sending out alerts. 

When this army is well-trained and fuelled, it can take down invaders before we even notice. But if it’s tired, undernourished, or stressed, even a small cold can feel like a war.  

So, what can be done to cater? We indeed have the power to strengthen this army every single day, through simple, natural habits, and yes, the workouts play a big role too 

In this fast-paced world, having a strong immune system is more important than ever. While supplements and medicines can help in certain situations, the real foundation of immunity lies in your everyday lifestyle choices, it can be the food we eat, the way we move, our sleep pattern, and how we manage stress. Let us tell you that most of these immune-boosting choices or we can say habits are simple and natural, and many can be built right into your fitness routine at the gym. So, let’s get into those!  

Smart Choices for a Stronger Immune System   

Nutrition: Fuel Your Body’s Defense System 

What we eat literally becomes our body’s shield. A diet rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and whole foods supports immune cell production and helps fight off infections. There are certain essentials that one should take care of!  

Vitamin C- Enhances white blood cell function. (found in citrus fruits, bell peppers, guava) 

Vitamin D- Boosts immune cell activity and lowers risk of infections. (sunlight + fortified foods)  

Zinc & Iron- Help immune cells develop and fight pathogens. (nuts, seeds, legumes, lean meats) 

Probiotics- Keep your gut microbiome healthy- 70% of your immunity resides there. (yogurt, kefir, fermented foods) 

Tip: Try and swap processed foods for whole, seasonal produce to give your body nutrient-dense fuel. 

Exercise: Movement as Medicine 

As we have mentioned several times, regular exercise is a natural immunity booster. Studies show that moderate workouts improve circulation, helping immune cells travel faster and detect infections early. Have a look at the following mentioned workout regimes that affects differently!  

Strength training- As we know, strength training builds muscle. However, it is also known for lowers chronic inflammation, a silent enemy of immunity. 

Cardio workouts improve cardiovascular health, ensuring better oxygen and nutrient supply to immune cells. 

Yoga and stretching reduce cortisol (the stress hormone), which otherwise weakens immunity. 

But remember: Overtraining can suppress immunity. Balance high-intensity gym days with recovery sessions. 

Sleep: The Nightly Reset for Your Immune System 

Think of sleep as your immune system’s “charging station.” During deep sleep, your body produces infection-fighting proteins called cytokines. Inadequate sleep reduces these defenses. One should know that adults need 7–9 hours of quality sleep per night.  

Poor sleep is linked to higher susceptibility to colds and slower recovery after illness. 

Create a sleep routine: no late-night screen scrolling, keep your room cool and dark, and avoid caffeine close to bedtime. 

Stress Management: Calming the Immune Suppressor 

Stress releases cortisol, which, when chronic, weakens immune response. Gym workouts help release endorphins – the body’s natural mood boosters- that counter stress. 

One can try meditation, breathwork, or mindfulness to keep cortisol in check. Engage in hobbies or light activities that relax you. Social connections and laughter are also powerful immunity boosters.  

Hydration: The Hero of Immunity 

Water supports every cellular function in your body, including immune defense. Staying hydrated helps flush out toxins and keeps mucous membranes (your body’s first line of defense) moist. Aim for 2–3 liters per day, depending on activity levels. 

Herbal teas like green tea or tulsi tea add antioxidants for an extra boost. 

Hygiene & Recovery: Small Steps, Big Protection  

Your immune system doesn’t just rely on what you eat or how you train. Simple hygiene practices matter too: 

Wash hands regularly to prevent exposure to diseases. 

Prioritize recovery after workouts, muscle repair supports overall resilience. 

Keep your surroundings clean to minimize allergen and germ exposure. 

Tourism in Maharashtra

 

Hindu places of pilgrimage

A number of temples such as Bhimashankar, Trimbakeshwar, Bhavani of Tuljapur, Shani Shingnapur, Jyotiba Temple, Ashtavinayaka Ganapati temples, Lord Pandurang temple at Pandharpur attract a huge number of Hindu devotees every year. Khandoba temple of God Khandoba at Jejuri in the Pune district attract pilgrims from all over the Maharashtra where worshipers shower each other with Bhandar (turmeric powder).< Saibaba temple at Shirdi is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day and during religious festivals, this number can reach up to 300,000.

Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur, is the main center of worship for the Hindu deity Vithoba, believed to be a local form of god Krishna or Vishnu and his consort Rakhumai. Vithoba devotees called Varkaris start marching from the resting places of Varkari saints from different regions of Maharashtra but mainly from Dehu, and Alandi to Pandharpur in huge processions to reach Pandharpur on Aashadhi ekadashi and Kartiki Ekadashi.Pandharpur and other places associated with the Warkari sect such as Sant Tukaram memorial at Dehu, and Samadhi of Sant Dnyaneshwar at Alandi remain popular throughout the year, and attract huge number of people from all over the state during religious observations.

Marathi Hindu families have a family deity called Kuldevta that they visit after many auspicious events. Important ancient Kuldevta temples that attract pilgrims in the state include:

Renukadevi at Mahur, considered a Shakta pitha, is located in the Nanded district.

Tuljapur-Temple of Goddess Bhavani

Kolhapur -Temple of Goddess Mahalaxmi or Ambabai

Ambajogai -Temple of Yogeshwari, one of the 3 1/2 Shakta pithas in the state.

Jejuri - Temple of Khandoba

Many temples or shrines of 19th and 20th century saints are very popular with pilgrims. The important ones include:

Shegaon, resting place of Gajanan Maharaj, the late 19th/early 20th-century religious figure

Akkalkot, Temple /Matha dedicated to 19th century Swami Samarth.

Shirdi, temple of Sai Baba - a hugely revered saint from late 19th/early 20th century with global following.

Gondavale, samadhi of Gondavlekar Maharaj

Other places popular with devotees and pilgrims include:

Mumbai, Temple of Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai

Mumbai, Mahalakshmi temple in south Mumbai

Shani Shingnapur, Temple of God Shani (Shanidev)

Ashtavinayaka, 8 Abodes of Lord Ganesha

Trimbakeshwar